Auxiliaries тАУ Study Material Class 9 English Grammar
Step 1: Concept of Auxiliaries ЁЯзй (рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛рм░ рмзрм╛рм░рмгрм╛)
An auxiliary verb always comes before the main verb to indicate its tense or modalities like ability, permission, compulsion, obligation, threat, or desirability.
рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рм╕рм░рнНрммрмжрм╛ рморнБрмЦрнНрнЯ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рмкрнВрм░рнНрммрм░рнБ рммрм╕рм┐рмерм╛рмПред рмПрм╣рм╛ рммрм╛рмХрнНрнЯрм░ рмХрм╛рм│ рмХрм┐рморнНрммрм╛ рммрмХрнНрмдрм╛рмЩрнНрмХрм░ рмормирнЛрмнрм╛рмм (рмпрнЗрмкрм░рм┐рмХрм┐ рмжрмХрнНрм╖рмдрм╛, рмЕрмирнБрмормдрм┐, рммрм╛рмзрнНрнЯрмдрм╛рморнВрм│рмХ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ рмЗрмдрнНрнЯрм╛рмжрм┐) рмкрнНрм░рмХрм╛рм╢ рмХрм░рм┐рмерм╛рмПред
There are two kinds of auxiliaries: Primary Auxiliaries and Modal Auxiliaries.
рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рмжрнБрмЗ рмкрнНрм░рмХрм╛рм░рм░: рмкрнНрм░рм╛рмерморм┐рмХ рмПрммрмВ рморнЛрмбрм╛рм▓рнН рммрм╛ рм╕рнНрн▒рмдрмирнНрмдрнНрм░ рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ред
| Category | English Meaning | Examples |
| Primary | be, have, do | am, is, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did |
| Modal (Paired) | Forms in pairs | shall-should, will-would, can-could, may-might |
| Modal (Single & Semi) | Pure and Semi modals | must, ought to, need, dare, used to |
Step 2: Primary Auxiliaries ЁЯПЧя╕П (рмкрнНрм░рм╛рмерморм┐рмХ рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛)
Primary auxiliaries can be used as main verbs or auxiliary verbs. When they go with another verb, they become auxiliaries.
рмПрмЧрнБрмбрм╝рм┐рмХ рморнБрмЦрнНрнЯ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рммрм╛ рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рмнрм╛рммрм░рнЗ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнЛрмЗрмкрм╛рм░рм┐рммрнЗред рмЕрмирнНрнЯ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рм╕рм╣рм┐рмд рморм┐рм╢рм┐рм▓рнЗ рмПрмЧрнБрмбрм╝рм┐рмХ рм╕рм╣рм╛рнЯрмХ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рм╣рнБрмЕрмирнНрмдрм┐ред
| Primary Auxiliary | Function | Example Sentence |
| Be (am, is, are, etc.) | Makes progressive tense or passive form | They are going to the party. |
| Have (has, have, had) | Makes perfect tense to show completion | He has done the homework. |
| Do (do, does, did) | Makes negative or interrogative sentences | Did he write long answers? |
Step 3: Characteristics of Modal Auxiliaries тЪЩя╕П (рморнЛрмбрм╛рм▓рнН рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛рм░ рммрм┐рм╢рнЗрм╖рмдрнНрн▒)
1. Modal Auxiliaries do not usually act as main verbs. They only act as auxiliary verbs. (рморнЛрмбрм╛рм▓рнН рмХрнЗрммрнЗрм╣рнЗрм▓рнЗ рморнБрмЦрнНрнЯ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛ рм╣рнЛрмЗрмкрм╛рм░рм┐рмм рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБред)
2. They have single forms for all subjects. They do not change with the number or person of the subject noun or pronoun. (рмХрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрм╛ рмЕрмирнБрмпрм╛рнЯрнА рмПрморм╛рмирмЩрнНрмХрм░ рм░рнВрмк рмкрм░рм┐рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрми рм╣рнБрмП рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБред)
3. Two modals cannot go together in a simple sentence. (рмЧрнЛрмЯрм┐рмП рммрм╛рмХрнНрнЯрм░рнЗ рмжрнБрмЗрмЯрм┐ рморнЛрмбрм╛рм▓рнН рмПрмХрм╛рмарм┐ рммрм╕рм┐рммрнЗ рмирм╛рм╣рм┐рмБред)
4. All the modals are followed by the bare infinitive (base) form of the verb. (рморнЛрмбрм╛рм▓рнН рмкрм░рнЗ рморнБрмЦрнНрнЯ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛рм░ рморнВрм│ рм░рнВрмк рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред)
Step 4: Use of Shall and Will ЁЯФо (Shall рмПрммрмВ Will рм░ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░)
Shall and Will are generally used for future actions. Shall is used with I/We to express plain future, permission, or promise. Will is used to express plain future, request, or prediction.
рм╕рм╛рмзрм╛рм░рмгрмдрмГ рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм│ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Shall рмПрммрмВ Will рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред рмХрм┐рмирнНрмдрнБ рммрм┐рмнрм┐рмирнНрми рмкрм░рм┐рм╕рнНрмерм┐рмдрм┐рм░рнЗ рмПрм╣рм╛рм░ рмЕрм░рнНрме рммрмжрм│рм┐рмпрм╛рмПред
| Modal | Meaning / Use | Example Sentence |
| Shall (with I/We) | Plain future, permission, offer | Shall I give you a cup of tea? |
| Shall (with You/He/They) | Threat or compulsion | You shall not use my bicycle again. |
| Will (with You/He/They) | Plain future, request, prediction | Will you do me a favour? |
| Will (with I/We) | Certainty or promise | I will help you as far as I can. |
Step 5: Use of Should and Ought to ЁЯТб (Should рмПрммрмВ Ought to рм░ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░)
Should is generally used to give advice or express obligation. Ought to is a stronger expression and is used when there is a moral obligation.
рмЙрмкрмжрнЗрм╢ рмХрм┐рморнНрммрм╛ рмХрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрммрнНрнЯ рмжрм░рнНрм╢рм╛рмЗрммрм╛ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ рмПрмЧрнБрмбрм╝рм┐рмХ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред рмирнИрмдрм┐рмХ рмХрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрммрнНрнЯ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Ought to рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░ рм╣рнБрмПред
| Modal | Usage | Example Sentence |
| Should | Advice, general obligation | You should wash your hands before you eat. |
| Ought to | Stronger, moral obligation | I ought to get more exercise. |
Step 6: Use of Would and Used to ЁЯХ░я╕П (Would рмПрммрмВ Used to рм░ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░)
Would is usually used to express request, invitation, probability, or past habit. Used to strictly expresses a past habit and does not have an equivalent for the present habit.
рмЕрмирнБрм░рнЛрмз, рмирм┐рмормирнНрмдрнНрм░рмг рмХрм┐рморнНрммрм╛ рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░ рмЕрмнрнНрнЯрм╛рм╕ рмжрм░рнНрм╢рм╛рмЗрммрм╛ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Would рмПрммрмВ рмХрнЗрммрм│ рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░ рмЕрмнрнНрнЯрм╛рм╕ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Used to рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред
| Modal | Function | Example Sentence |
| Would | Request, invitation, probability | Would you like a cup of tea? |
| Used to | Past habit without present equivalent | I used to spend hours playing with my toys. |
Step 7: Use of Can and Could ЁЯТк (Can рмПрммрмВ Could рм░ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░)
Can usually means one's ability to do something, or suggests possibility and permission. Could usually means past ability or a polite request.
рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рмирм░ рмжрмХрнНрм╖рмдрм╛ рмПрммрмВ рмЕрмирнБрмормдрм┐ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Can рмПрммрмВ рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░ рмжрмХрнНрм╖рмдрм╛ рмХрм┐рморнНрммрм╛ рмирморнНрм░ рмЕрмирнБрм░рнЛрмз рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Could рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред
| Modal | Meaning | Example Sentence |
| Can | Ability, possibility, permission | He can run like a deer. |
| Could | Past ability, polite request | Could I come in, sir? |
Step 8: Use of May and Might тШБя╕П (May рмПрммрмВ Might рм░ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░)
May is used to give or seek permission, express factual possibility, or your wish. Might suggests a very remote possibility or a past purpose.
рмЕрмирнБрмормдрм┐ рморм╛рмЧрм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм┐рморнНрммрм╛ рм╕рморнНрмнрм╛рммрмирм╛ рмжрм░рнНрм╢рм╛рмЗрммрм╛ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ May рмПрммрмВ рмХрнНрм╖рнАрмг рм╕рморнНрмнрм╛рммрмирм╛ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ Might рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред
| Modal | Context | Example Sentence |
| May | Permission, wish, possibility | May God bless you. |
| Might | Remote possibility, past purpose | What you say might be true. |
Step 9: Need, Dare and Must тЪЦя╕П (Need, Dare рмПрммрмВ Must рм░ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░)
Need and dare are usually used only in negative and interrogative sentences. Must expresses a strong obligation, necessity, compulsion, or a logical conclusion.
Need рмПрммрмВ Dare рмирм╛рм╕рнНрмдрм┐рммрм╛рмЪрмХ рмПрммрмВ рмкрнНрм░рм╢рнНрмирммрм╛рмЪрмХ рммрм╛рмХрнНрнЯрм░рнЗ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░ рм╣рнБрмПред Must рмжрнГрмврм╝ рммрм╛рмзрнНрнЯрмдрм╛рморнВрм│рмХ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ рмкрм╛рмЗрмБ рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рнГрмд рм╣рнБрмПред
| Modal | Application | Example Sentence |
| Need | Necessity (often negative/question) | You need not speak so loudly. |
| Dare | Courage/challenge | How dare you challenge the wrestler to a fight? |
| Must | Strong obligation, compulsion | I must write the answer before I go. |
Step 10: MCQ Question Bank Practice ЁЯУЭ (рммрм╣рнБрммрм┐рмХрм│рнНрмк рмкрнНрм░рм╢рнНрми рмЕрмнрнНрнЯрм╛рм╕)
Test your knowledge on Auxiliaries!
| Question | Option A | Option B | Option C | Option D | Correct Answer |
| 1. Which of the following is a Primary Auxiliary? | Can | Must | Have | Should | Have |
| 2. "You ___ not use my bicycle again." (Threat) | shall | will | would | could | shall |
| 3. What modal expresses remote possibility? | Must | Might | Will | Ought to | Might |
| 4. "I ___ play with my toys when I was a child." | used to | must | dare | need | used to |
| 5. Modals are always followed by the ___ form of the verb. | -ing | -en | bare infinitive | past | bare infinitive |