Tense Revisited тАУ Study Material Class 10 English Grammar
1. Introduction to Tense (рмХрм╛рм│рм░ рмкрм░рм┐рмЪрнЯ)
Tense vs. Time (рмХрм╛рм│ рммрмирм╛рмо рм╕рморнЯ)
┬╖ Time (рм╕рморнЯ): This is a universal concept of a continuous flow, measured in seconds, minutes, hours, or years. It includes the Past, Present, and Future.
o (Odia: рм╕рморнЯ рмПрмХ рм╕рм░рнНрммрмЬрмирнАрми рмзрм╛рм░рмгрм╛ рмПрммрмВ рмПрмХ рмирм┐рм░рмирнНрмдрм░ рмкрнНрм░рммрм╛рм╣ (рмЕрмдрнАрмд, рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми, рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд), рмпрм╛рм╣рм╛рмХрнБ рм╕рнЗрмХрнЗрмгрнНрмб, рморм┐рмирм┐рмЯрнН, рмШрмгрнНрмЯрм╛ рммрм╛ рммрм░рнНрм╖рм░рнЗ рмормкрм╛рмпрм╛рмП ред)
┬╖ Tense (рмХрм╛рм│): This is a grammatical concept. It is the form a verb takes to show the time of an action. Tense indicates both the time (рм╕рморнЯ) and the state (рм╕рнНрмерм┐рмдрм┐) of an action.
o (Odia: рмХрм╛рм│ рм╣рнЗрмЙрмЫрм┐ рмПрмХ рммрнНрнЯрм╛рмХрм░рмгрмЧрмд рмзрм╛рм░рмгрм╛ ред рмПрм╣рм╛ рм╣рнЗрмЙрмЫрм┐ рмХрнНрм░рм┐рнЯрм╛рм░ рм╕рнЗрм╣рм┐ рм░рнВрмк рмпрм╛рм╣рм╛ рмПрмХ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯрм░ рм╕рморнЯрмХрнБ рмжрм░рнНрм╢рм╛рмП ред рмПрм╣рм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯрм░ рм╕рморнЯ рмПрммрмВ рм╕рнНрмерм┐рмдрм┐ рмЙрмнрнЯрмХрнБ рм╕рнВрмЪрм┐рмд рмХрм░рнЗ ред)
In English, there are only two tenses:
1. Present Tense (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмХрм╛рм│)
2. Past Tense (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм│)
We use these two tenses to express all three phases of time (Past, Present, and Future).
Four Forms (Aspects) of Tense (рмХрм╛рм│рм░ рмЪрм╛рм░рнЛрмЯрм┐ рм░рнВрмк рммрм╛ рм╕рнНрмерм┐рмдрм┐)
The "state" of an action is shown using four forms, also called aspects:
┬╖ Simple / Indefinite (рм╕рм╛рмзрм╛рм░рмг)
┬╖ Progressive / Continuous (рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ)
┬╖ Perfect (рмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг)
┬╖ Perfect Progressive / Perfect Continuous (рмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ)
2. Present and Past: Simple & Progressive Forms
|
Tense Form (рмХрм╛рм│рм░ рм░рнВрмк) |
Rule (рмирм┐рнЯрмо) |
Uses (рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░) |
Examples (рмЙрмжрм╛рм╣рм░рмг) |
|
Present Simple (рм╕рм╛рмзрм╛рм░рмг рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми) |
S + V1 (s/es) |
1. Habitual action (рмЕрмнрнНрнЯрм╛рм╕рмЧрмд рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
2. General, Scientific, or Universal Truths (рм╕рм╛рмзрм╛рм░рмг, рммрнИрмЬрнНрмЮрм╛рмирм┐рмХ рммрм╛ рмЪрм┐рм░рмирнНрмдрми рм╕рмдрнНрнЯ)
3. Permanent state/fact (рм╕рнНрмерм╛рнЯрнА рм╕рмдрнНрнЯ рммрм╛ рмШрмЯрмгрм╛) |
1. I go to school everyday.
2. Water boils at 100┬░C.
3. The sun rises in the east.
4. Tigers live in forests. |
|
Present Progressive (рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми) |
S + is/am/are + V1ing |
1. Action in progress now (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБрмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
2. Temporary action (рмЕрм╕рнНрмерм╛рнЯрнА рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
3. Something happening over a period of time (рмХрм┐рмЫрм┐ рм╕рморнЯ рмзрм░рм┐ рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБрмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
4. A definite arrangement in the near future (рмирм┐рмХрмЯ рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмдрм░ рм╕рнБрмирм┐рм╢рнНрмЪрм┐рмд рмпрнЛрмЬрмирм╛) |
1. It is raining now.
2. Today he is going there on foot.
3. My brother is searching for a job.
4. The Prime Minister is coming tomorrow. |
|
Past Simple (рм╕рм╛рмзрм╛рм░рмг рмЕрмдрнАрмд) |
S + V2 |
1. A single act completed in the past (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░рнЗ рм╕рморм╛рмкрнНрмд рм╣рнЛрмЗрмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
2. Past habit (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░ рмЕрмнрнНрнЯрм╛рм╕)
3. Past action over a period of time (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░рнЗ рмХрм┐рмЫрм┐ рм╕рморнЯ рмзрм░рм┐ рмЪрм╛рм▓рм┐рмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ) |
1. India became free in 1947.
2. When I was a child, I used to listen to stories.
3. The British ruled over India for many years. |
|
Past Progressive (рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ рмЕрмдрнАрмд) |
S + was/were + V1ing |
1. An action that was in progress in the past (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░рнЗ рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБрмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
2. A temporary action in the past (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░ рмЕрм╕рнНрмерм╛рнЯрнА рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ) |
1. I was cooking when Sita came.
2. It was raining yesterday. |
3. Perfect & Perfect Progressive Forms
|
Tense Form (рмХрм╛рм│рм░ рм░рнВрмк) |
Rule (рмирм┐рнЯрмо) |
Uses (рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░) |
Examples (рмЙрмжрм╛рм╣рм░рмг) |
|
Present Perfect (рмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми) |
S + has/have + V3 |
1. A past action with present relevance (рмЕрмдрнАрмд рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ рмпрм╛рм╣рм╛рм░ рмлрм│ рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмЕрмЫрм┐)
2. Used to denote a period of time with 'for'. |
1. I have (already) done my homework.
2. I have lived in Delhi for a week. |
|
Past Perfect (рмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг рмЕрмдрнАрмд) |
S + had + V3 |
1. An "older action" in the past (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░ рмжрнБрмЗрмЯрм┐ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ рмормзрнНрнЯрм░рнБ рмкрнБрм░рнБрмгрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
2. Used for the action that happened before another past simple action. |
1. When we reached the station, the train had left.
2. We had visited Puri last year. |
|
Present Perfect
Progressive (рмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми) |
S + has/have + been + V1ing |
1. An action that started in the past and is still continuing (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░рнБ рмЖрм░рморнНрмн рм╣рнЛрмЗ рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рми рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБрмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ)
2. Used with 'since' (point of time) or 'for' (period of time). |
1. It has been raining since last night.
2. I have been living here for five years. |
|
Past Perfect
Progressive (рмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ рмЕрмдрнАрмд) |
S + had + been + V1ing |
1. A past action in progress for some time when another action took place (рмЕрмдрнАрмдрм░рнЗ рмПрмХ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ рмХрм┐рмЫрм┐ рм╕рморнЯ рмзрм░рм┐ рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБрмерм┐рм▓рм╛ рмпрнЗрмдрнЗрммрнЗрм│рнЗ рмЕрмирнНрнЯ рмПрмХ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ рмШрмЯрм┐рм▓рм╛). |
1. They had been driving for two hours when their car broke down. |
4. Ways of Expressing Future Time (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рм╕рморнЯрмХрнБ рмкрнНрм░рмХрм╛рм╢ рмХрм░рм┐рммрм╛)
English uses several present tense forms and modals to express future time.
|
Method (Form) (рмкрмжрнНрмзрмдрм┐) |
Use (рммрнНрнЯрммрм╣рм╛рм░) |
Example (рмЙрмжрм╛рм╣рм░рмг) |
|
Modals (will + V1) |
1. Simple, unplanned future action (рм╕рм╛рмзрм╛рм░рмг, рмЕрмг-рмпрнЛрмЬрмирм╛рммрмжрнНрмз рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ). |
1. Wait a minute, I will come with you. |
|
Be going to + V1 |
1. Future fulfillment of a present cause/indication (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рмирм░ рмХрм╛рм░рмг рммрм╛ рм╕рнВрмЪрмирм╛).
2. Present intention or decision (рммрм░рнНрмдрнНрмдрморм╛рмирм░ рмЙрмжрнНрмжрнЗрм╢рнНрнЯ рммрм╛ рмирм┐рм╖рнНрмкрмдрнНрмдрм┐). |
1. There are dark clouds. It is going to rain.
2. We are going to leave for Puri tomorrow. |
|
Present Progressive (is/am/are + V1ing) |
1. A planned or arranged future action (рмпрнЛрмЬрмирм╛рммрмжрнНрмз рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмд рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ). |
1. The Chief Minister is meeting the Governor tomorrow.
2. We are going to Puri on Monday. |
|
Present Simple (V1 s/es) |
1. An official programme or fact (рм╕рм░рмХрм╛рм░рнА рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯрмХрнНрм░рмо рммрм╛ рм╕рмдрнНрнЯ). |
1. The match begins at 4.30 pm.
2. Tomorrow is holiday. |
|
Be about to + V1 |
1. Something imminent (рмирм┐рмХрмЯ рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмдрм░рнЗ рмШрмЯрм┐рммрм╛рмХрнБ рмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ). |
1. We are about to leave now. |
|
Future Progressive (will be + V1ing) |
1. An action to be in progress in the future (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмдрм░рнЗ рмЪрм╛рм▓рнБ рм░рм╣рм┐рммрм╛рмХрнБ рмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ). |
1. I will be writing the letter tomorrow. |
|
Future Perfect (will have + V3) |
1. An action to be completed in the future (рмнрммрм┐рм╖рнНрнЯрмдрм░рнЗ рм╕рморм╛рмкрнНрмд рм╣рнЛрмЗрм╕рм╛рм░рм┐рмерм┐рммрм╛ рмХрм╛рм░рнНрмпрнНрнЯ). |
1. She will have completed her task by tomorrow. |
5. Complete Tense Structure Chart (рм╕рморнНрмкрнВрм░рнНрмгрнНрмг рмХрм╛рм│ рм╕рм╛рм░рмгрнА)
This table summarizes the grammatical structures for all tense forms.
|
Tense |
Aspect |
Positive (рм╣рмБ-рм╕рнВрмЪрмХ) |
Negative (рмирм╛-рм╕рнВрмЪрмХ) |
Interrogative (рмкрнНрм░рм╢рнНрмирммрм╛рмЪрмХ) |
Negative Interrogative (рмирм╛-рмкрнНрм░рм╢рнНрмирммрм╛рмЪрмХ) |
|
Simple |
Present |
S + V1 (s/es) |
S + do/does + not + V1 |
Do/does + S + V1? |
Don't/Doesn't + S + V1? |
|
Past |
S + V2 |
S + did + not + V1 |
Did + S + V1? |
Didn't + S + V1? |
|
|
Future |
S + shall/will + V1 |
S + shall/will + not + V1 |
Shall/will + S + V1? |
Shall/will + not + S + V1? |
|
|
Progressive |
Present |
S + is/am/are + V1ing |
S + is/am/are + not + V1ing |
Am/is/are + S + V1ing? |
Am/is/are + not + S + V1ing? |
|
Past |
S + was/were + V1ing |
S + was/were + not + V1ing |
Was/were + S + V1ing? |
Was/were + not + S + V1ing? |
|
|
Future |
S + shall/will + be + V1ing |
S + shall/will + not + be + V1ing |
Shall/will + S + be + V1ing? |
Shall/will + not + S + be + V1ing? |
|
|
Perfect |
Present |
S + has/have + V3 |
S + has/have + not + V3 |
Has/have + S + V3? |
Has/have + not + S + V3? |
|
Past |
S + had + V3 |
S + had + not + V3 |
Had + S + V3? |
Had + not + S + V3? |
|
|
Future |
S + shall/will + have + V3 |
S + shall/will + not + have + V3 |
Shall/will + S + have + V3? |
Shall/will + not + S + have + V3? |
|
|
Perfect Progressive |
Present |
S + has/have + been + V1ing |
S + has/have + not + been + V1ing |
Has/have + S + been + V1ing? |
Has/have + not + S + been + V1ing? |
|
Past |
S + had + been + V1ing |
S + had + not + been + V1ing |
Had + S + been + V1ing? |
Had + not + S + been + V1ing? |
|
|
Future |
S + shall/will + have + been + V1ing |
S + shall/will + not + have + been + V1ing |
Shall/will + S + have + been + V1ing? |
Shall/will + not + S + have + been + V1ing? |