Sentence (ବାକ୍ୟ)

A sentence is a group of words that has a complete meaning or sense.

• Key Requirement: A complete sentence must have at least one independent finite clause.
• Example 1 (Not a sentence): "Ram is." (Incomplete sense)
• Example 2 (Sentence): "Ram is a student." (Complete sense)
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Clause (ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ)

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb (in the predicate phrase). It may form a complete sentence by itself or be part of a larger sentence.

Finite Verb (ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା)

A finite verb is a verb that can be changed into its past tense form. It shows agreement with the subject.

• Example: "Ram is a doctor." -> "Ram was a doctor." (Here, 'is' is the finite verb).

Parts of a Sentence (ବାକ୍ୟର ଅଂଶ)

A sentence has two main parts:

1. Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା): The part that tells whom or what the sentence is about.
2. Predicate (ବିଧେୟ): The part that tells what is said about the subject.
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2. Types of Sentences (Based on Structure)

Based on their pattern and clause structure, sentences are of three types:

1. Simple Sentence (ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ): Has only one independent clause.
2. Compound Sentence (ଯୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ): Has two or more independent clauses.
3. Complex Sentence (ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ): Has one independent (main) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses.
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3. Simple Sentences (ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A simple sentence has only one main/independent clause. Based on its purpose or expression, a simple sentence is of four types:

1. Declarative (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ)
2. Interrogative (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ)
3. Imperative (ଆଦେଶ/ଅନୁରୋଧମୂଳକ)
4. Exclamatory (ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ)
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A. Declarative Sentence (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

This type of sentence makes a statement.

• Characteristics:
• The predicate is a statement about the subject.
• It ends with a full stop (.).
• It can be changed into a negative form.

Patterns of Declarative Sentences

Declarative sentences follow specific patterns based on their components (S=Subject, V=Verb, O=Object, C=Complement).

B. Interrogative Sentence (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

This type of sentence asks a question.

• Characteristics:
• It always ends with a question mark (?).
• It can be changed into a negative form.
• Types: There are two main types of questions:

1. Wh-Questions

• Starts with Wh-words (who, what, where, when, which, whose, whom, why, how).
• Pattern: Wh-word + Helping Verb (H.V) + Subject (S) + Verb (V)?
• Example: "Where is Sita going?" (Wh-word: Where, H.V: is, S: Sita, V: going)

2. Yes/No Questions

• Starts with Auxiliary verbs (Do, does, did, has, have, is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, can, could, etc.).
• The answer is typically "Yes" or "No".
• Pattern: Auxiliary (Aux) + Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Object (O)?
• Example: "Do you have a car?" (Aux: Do, S: you, V: have, O: a car)

C. Imperative Sentence (ଆଦେଶ/ଅନୁରୋଧମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

This type of sentence expresses advice, request, command, order, suggestion, prayer, warning, or instruction.

• Characteristics:
• It usually starts with the base form of the verb.
• The subject 'you' is hidden or not generally used.
• It ends with a full stop (.).
• There is no change in tense or voice.
• Examples:
• Advice: "Respect your elders."
• Request: "Please give me your pen."
• Command: "March on, Soldiers."
• Order: "Shut the door."
• Suggestion: "Let us go on a picnic."
• Warning: "Beware of dogs."
• Wish: "Get well soon."
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D. Exclamatory Sentence (ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

This type of sentence expresses a strong feeling of admiration or surprise.

• Characteristics:
• It begins with 'What' or 'How'.
• It ends with an exclamation mark (!).
• It cannot be changed into a negative form.

Patterns of Exclamatory Sentences

4. Compound Sentences (ଯୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses (clauses that can stand alone as complete sentences).

• Structure: The clauses are:
1. Main Clause (the first independent clause)
2. Coordinate Clause (the second independent clause)
• These clauses are joined by Coordinators (also called coordinating conjunctions).

Coordinators (ସଂଯୋଜକ)

• Examples: and, but, yet, still, or, or else, otherwise, therefore, so, for.
• "I go to the playground" (Main Clause) + "and" (Coordinator) + "(I) play cricket." (Coordinate Clause).

Correlative Conjunctions (ସହ-ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ସଂଯୋଜକ)

These are coordinators that go in pairs to join two alternatives.

5. Complex Sentences (ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ)

A complex sentence has one main (independent) clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses.

• A dependent/subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
• Example 1:
• "Tell me where you were born."
• Main Clause: "Tell me"
• Subordinate Clause: "where you were born"
• Example 2:
• "Students who work hard succeed in the exam."
• Main Clause: "Students succeed in the exam"
• Subordinate Clause: "who work hard"