Voice (ବାଚ୍ୟ) is the form of a verb that expresses whether the Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା) in the sentence has performed the action or received the action.

(Odia: ବାଚ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟାର ସେହି ରୂପ ଯାହା ଦର୍ଶାଏ ଯେ ବାକ୍ୟର କର୍ତ୍ତା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟିକୁ ସମ୍ପାଦନ କରିଛି ନା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଟିକୁ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଛି ।)

Active Voice (କର୍ତ୍ତୃବାଚ୍ୟ)

• Definition: The subject performs the action. The focus is on the Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା).
• Structure: Subject + Verb + Object
• Example: Ram plays cricket. (ରାମ କ୍ରିକେଟ୍ ଖେଳେ ।)

Passive Voice (କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ)

• Definition: The subject receives the action. The focus is on the Action or the Object (କର୍ମ).
• Structure: Subject (New) + H.V. + V3 + (by Agent)
• Example: Cricket is played by Ram. (କ୍ରିକେଟ୍ ରାମଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଖେଳାଯାଏ ।)

The Basic Change (ମୌଳିକ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ)

The Object of the Active Voice becomes the Subject of the Passive Voice.

• Active: I cooked the curry. (S=I, V=cooked, O=the curry)
• Passive: The curry was cooked by me. (S=The curry, V=was cooked, Agent=by me)

2. Passive in Declarative Sentences (ବିବୃତିମୂଳକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ)

The passive voice is formed using the correct form of the verb be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been) + the Past Participle (V3) of the main verb.

Passive Tense Formation (କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟରେ କାଳ ଗଠନ)

Note: Future Progressive and all Perfect Progressive tenses are generally not used in the passive voice.

3. Passives with Other Structures (ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଗଠନରେ କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ)

Passive with Modals (Modals ସହିତ)

• Rule: Modal (can, could, should, will, would, may, might, must) + be + V3
• Active: I will type the letter.
• Passive: The letter will be typed.

Passive with get/have (Informal)

• Use: Used in informal English to show that you arranged for someone else to do something.
• Rule: Subject + get/have + Object + V3 (Past Participle)
• Example 1: I got my pen broken.
• Example 2: We had our car decorated.

Passive with Complement (ପୂରକ ସହିତ)

• Rule: The Object Complement in the active voice becomes the Subject Complement in the passive voice.
• Active: The doctor (S) found (V) him (O) dead (O. Complement).
• Passive: He (S) was found (V) dead (S. Complement).

Passive with Two Objects (ଦୁଇଟି କର୍ମ ସହିତ)

• Rule: When a verb has two objects (a Direct Object and an Indirect Object), the object nearer to the verb in the active voice usually becomes the subject of the passive voice.
• Example 1:
• Active: My father gave me a bicycle. (Nearest object is "me")
• Passive: I was given a bicycle.
• Example 2:
• Active: My father gave a bicycle to me. (Nearest object is "a bicycle")
• Passive: A bicycle was given to me.

Passive with Reporting Verbs (Reporting Verbs ସହିତ)

• Rule: An active sentence like People say that... can be passivized in two ways.
• Active: People say that elephants have good memories.
• Passive 1 (It...): It is said that elephants have good memories.
• Passive 2 (Subject...): Elephants are said to have good memories.

Passive with Infinitives and -ing Forms

• Bare Infinitives: Verbs like make, see, hear, let take a bare infinitive (V1) in the active voice, but a to-infinitive (to + V1) in the passive voice.
• Active: The teacher made him stand up.
• Passive: He was made to stand up.
• -ing Forms: The -ing form (present participle) remains unchanged in the passive.
• Active: I saw him jumping.
• Passive: He was seen jumping.

Active Forms with Passive Meanings

Some active sentences have a passive meaning.

• Active: These clothes need washing.
• Passive Meaning: These clothes need to be washed.
• Active: The room requires cleaning.
• Passive Meaning: The room requires to be cleaned.

4. Passive of Interrogative Sentences (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟର କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ)

• Rule:
1. First, change the interrogative sentence into a declarative (statement) sentence.
2. Change the declarative sentence into its passive form.
3. Finally, change the passive statement back into a question form.
• Example (Yes/No): "Have you finished your lunch?"

1. Declarative: You have finished your lunch.
2. Passive: Your lunch has been finished.
3. Interrogative Passive: Has your lunch been finished?
• Example (Wh-): "Where did you find the pen?"

1. Declarative: You found the pen [where].
2. Passive: The pen was found [where].
3. Interrogative Passive: Where was the pen found?
• Example (Who): "Who wrote this poem?"

1. Declarative: [Who] wrote this poem.
2. Passive: This poem was written by [whom].
3. Interrogative Passive: By whom was this poem written?

5. Restrictions on the Passive (କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟର ବ୍ୟବହାରଗତ କଟକଣା)

Not all active sentences can be changed into the passive.

1. Verbs of Possession: Verbs like have (meaning 'to possess') cannot be passivized.
• Incorrect: "A car is had by me."
2. Stative Verbs: Verbs that describe a state, not an action, usually have no passive.
• Examples: resemble, lack, fit, suit, flee, hold, owe, like.
• Incorrect: "Courage is lacked by him."
3. Reciprocal/Reflexive Pronouns: Sentences where the object is a reciprocal (each other, one another) or reflexive (himself, herself) pronoun cannot be passivized.
• Incorrect: "Each other was helped by Gita and Rita."
4. Intransitive Verbs: Verbs that do not take an object (live, cry, laugh, sleep, cost, last) have no passive form.
• Incorrect: "Ten hours a day is slept by the baby."
5. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs: Phrasal verbs without an object cannot be passivized. (e.g., broke down, went out).
• Note: Transitive phrasal verbs can be passivized (e.g., "The strike was called off.")
6. Verbs Used Only in Passive: Some verbs are almost always used in the passive.
• Examples: Gandhiji was born in 1869. / He was drowned in the river.

6. The by + Agent Phrase (କାରକର ବ୍ୟବହାର)

The by + agent (e.g., by Ram, by the teacher) is often omitted in the passive.

When to OMIT the by-agent (କେତେବେଳେ by-agent ଉହ୍ୟ ରଖିବେ)

1. When the agent is unknown:
• "My purse has been stolen." (We don't know who stole it.)
2. When the agent is unimportant or not interesting:
• "This car is made in India." (We don't care which specific factory workers made it.)
3. When the agent is obvious or commonly known:
• "The thief was arrested." (It's obvious the police arrested him.)
4. When the speaker wants to hide the agent:
• "Mistakes were made." (The speaker avoids saying who made the mistakes.)
5. In formal, scientific, or official notices:
• "It is believed that..."
• "Smoking is prohibited here."

When to USE the by-agent (କେତେବେଳେ by-agent ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବେ)

1. When the agent is important: Especially if it's a famous person (writer, inventor, artist).
• "The Ramayan was written by Valmiki."
2. When the agent provides new or unexpected information:
• "Although the problem was difficult, it was solved by a child."
3. When the agent is an unusual or inanimate object:
• "This hotel is run by a robot."