Instructions (English): Underline the subordinate clause in each sentence and identify it as a Noun Clause (NC) or a Relative Clause (RC).

Instructions (Odia): ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ଅଧୀନ ଉପବାକ୍ୟକୁ (subordinate clause) ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ କରନ୍ତୁ ଏବଂ ଏହା ଏକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ (NC) କିମ୍ବା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧସୂଚକ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ (RC) ତାହା ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ।

	Sentence (English)	Odia Translation	Answer
1.	He said  that he was tired .	ସେ କହିଲେ ଯେ ସେ କ୍ଳାନ୍ତ ଥିଲେ।	NC
2.	The boy  who is playing there  is my son.	ଯେଉଁ ପିଲାଟି ସେଠାରେ ଖେଳୁଛି ସେ ମୋ ପୁଅ।	RC
3.	I do not know  what he wants .	ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ ସେ କ’ଣ ଚାହାଁନ୍ତି।	NC
4.	This is the book  which I bought yesterday .	ଏହା ସେହି ବହି ଯାହା ମୁଁ ଗତକାଲି କିଣିଥିଲି।	RC
5.	That he is honest  is known to all.	ସେ ଯେ ସଚ୍ଚୋଟ, ତାହା ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ଜଣା।	NC
6.	The man  whose car was stolen  went to the police.	ଯେଉଁ ଲୋକଟିର କାର ଚୋରି ହୋଇଗଲା, ସେ ପୋଲିସ ପାଖକୁ ଗଲେ।	RC
7.	Listen to  what your teacher says .	ତୁମ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଯାହା କହୁଛନ୍ତି ଶୁଣ।	NC
8.	My hope is  that he will succeed .	ମୋର ଆଶା ଯେ ସେ ସଫଳ ହେବେ।	NC
9.	This is the place  where the accident occurred .	ଏହା ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଦୁର୍ଘଟଣା ଘଟିଥିଲା।	RC
10.	The rumor  that he resigned  is false.	ସେ ଇସ୍ତଫା ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି ବୋଲି ଗୁଜବ ମିଛ।	NC
11.	He is the teacher  whom I respect most .	ସେ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ସେହି ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଯାହାଙ୍କୁ ମୁଁ ସବୁଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ସମ୍ମାନ କରେ।	RC
12.	I asked him  if he would help me .	ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରିଲି ଯେ ସେ ମୋତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବେ କି।	NC
13.	God helps those  who help themselves .	ଯେଉଁମାନେ ନିଜକୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି, ଭଗବାନ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି।	RC
14.	It is not clear  why he did this .	ଏହା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ନୁହେଁ ଯେ ସେ ଏହା କାହିଁକି କଲେ।	NC
15.	This is the same man  that I saw yesterday .	ଏ ହେଉଛି ସେହି ଲୋକ ଯାହାକୁ ମୁଁ ଗତକାଲି ଦେଖିଥିଲି।	RC

🧐 Activity B: Identify the Function of Noun Clauses

Instructions (English): Identify the function of the underlined Noun Clause (Subject, Object of verb, Object of preposition, Complement, or Apposition).

Instructions (Odia): ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ଉପବାକ୍ୟର (Noun Clause) କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ (କର୍ତ୍ତା, କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ, Prepositionର କର୍ମ, ପୂରକ, କିମ୍ବା Apposition)।

	Sentence (English)	Odia Translation	Function (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ)
1.	What he said  was not true.	ସେ ଯାହା କହିଲେ ତାହା ସତ ନଥିଲା।	Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା)
2.	I believe  that he is innocent .	ମୁଁ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରେ ଯେ ସେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦୋଷ।	Object of verb (କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ)
3.	Life is  what we make it .	ଆମେ ଯାହା କରୁ ଜୀବନ ତାହା ହିଁ ଅଟେ।	Complement (ପୂରକ)
4.	Pay attention to  what I say .	ମୁଁ ଯାହା କହୁଛି ସେଥିପ୍ରତି ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅ।	Object of preposition
5.	The fact  that he is silent  proves his guilt.	ସେ ଚୁପ୍ ରହିବା ତଥ୍ୟ ତାଙ୍କ ଦୋଷ ପ୍ରମାଣ କରେ।	Apposition
6.	Whether he will come  is doubtful.	ସେ ଆସିବେ କି ନାହିଁ ତାହା ସନ୍ଦେହଜନକ।	Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା)
7.	Can you tell me  who he is ?	ତୁମେ ମୋତେ କହିପାରିବ କି ସେ କିଏ?	Object of verb (କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ)
8.	It is a pity  that he failed .	ଏହା ଦୁଃଖର ବିଷୟ ଯେ ସେ ବିଫଳ ହେଲେ।	Apposition
9.	My belief is  that he will not cheat .	ମୋର ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ଯେ ସେ ଠକିବେ ନାହିଁ।	Complement (ପୂରକ)
10.	He was angry at  what I said .	ମୁଁ ଯାହା କହିଲି ସେଥିରେ ସେ ରାଗିଗଲେ।	Object of preposition
11.	Whoever wins the match  will get a trophy.	ଯିଏ ବି ମ୍ୟାଚ୍ ଜିତିବ, ଟ୍ରଫି ପାଇବ।	Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା)
12.	No one knows  where he has gone .	କେହି ଜାଣନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ ସେ କେଉଁଆଡେ ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି।	Object of verb (କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ)
13.	The problem is  how we can solve it .	ସମସ୍ୟା ହେଉଛି ଆମେ ଏହାକୁ କିପରି ସମାଧାନ କରିବା।	Complement (ପୂରକ)
14.	There is no proof  that he stole the money .	ସେ ଟଙ୍କା ଚୋରି କରିଥିବାର କୌଣସି ପ୍ରମାଣ ନାହିଁ।	Apposition
15.	He asked  if I knew the way .	ସେ ପଚାରିଲେ ମୁଁ ରାସ୍ତା ଜାଣିଛି କି।	Object of verb (କ୍ରିୟାର କର୍ମ)

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🔎 Activity C: Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Instructions (English): Identify the underlined Relative Clause as Defining (D) or Non-Defining (N). Add commas where necessary for Non-Defining clauses.

Instructions (Odia): ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧସୂଚକ ଉପବାକ୍ୟକୁ Defining (D) (ସୀମିତକାରୀ) କିମ୍ବା Non-Defining (N) (ଅଣ-ସୀମିତକାରୀ) ଭାବେ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ। Non-Defining clause ପାଇଁ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ସ୍ଥଳେ କମା (,) ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ।

1. The boy who stole the pen was punished.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

2. Mr. Das who is our class teacher is very kind.

Answer: N (Non-Defining)

Corrected: Mr. Das, who is our class teacher, is very kind.

3. This is the house that Jack built.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

4. Cuttack which is on the Mahanadi is an old city.

Answer: N (Non-Defining)

Corrected: Cuttack, which is on the Mahanadi, is an old city.

5. The book that I lent you is very interesting.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

6. He is the man whose son won the award.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

7. My father who is a doctor works in this hospital.

Answer: N (Non-Defining)

Corrected: My father, who is a doctor, works in this hospital.

8. I don't like people who talk too much.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

9. She gave me the book which I read immediately.

Answer: N (Non-Defining)

Corrected: She gave me the book, which I read immediately.

10. The reason why he left is still unknown.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

11. My brother who lives in Delhi is coming home. (Implies I have only one brother)

Answer: N (Non-Defining)

Corrected: My brother, who lives in Delhi, is coming home.

12. My brother who lives in Delhi is coming home. (Implies I have more than one brother)

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

13. He broke the glass which was on the table.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

14. He broke the glass which was very unfortunate.

Answer: N (Non-Defining)

Corrected: He broke the glass, which was very unfortunate.

15. The student who answers this question will get a prize.

Answer: D (Defining) (No commas)

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🖊️ Activity D: Fill in the Blanks

Instructions (English): Fill in the blanks with a suitable Relative Pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) or Subordinator (what, where, when, why, if, whether).

Instructions (Odia): ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ Relative Pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) କିମ୍ବା Subordinator (what, where, when, why, if, whether) ଦ୍ୱାରା ଶୂନ୍ୟସ୍ଥାନ ପୂରଣ କରନ୍ତୁ।

	Sentence (English)	Sentence (Odia)	Answer
1.	This is the man _____ helped me.	ଏ ହେଉଛି ସେହି ଲୋକ ଯିଏ ମୋତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ।	who
2.	I don't know _____ he wants.	ମୁଁ ଜାଣେ ନାହିଁ ସେ କ’ଣ ଚାହାଁନ୍ତି।	what
3.	The book _____ you gave me is lost.	ତୁମେ ଦେଇଥିବା ବହିଟି ହଜିଯାଇଛି।	which / that
4.	He is the boy _____ bicycle was stolen.	ଏ ସେହି ପିଲା ଯାହାର ସାଇକେଲ ଚୋରି ହୋଇଛି।	whose
5.	Tell me _____ you are sad.	ମୋତେ କୁହ ତୁମେ କାହିଁକି ଦୁଃଖୀ।	why
6.	The lady _____ you met is my mother.	ତୁମେ ଭେଟିଥିବା ମହିଳା ଜଣକ ମୋ ମାଆ।	whom / that
7.	All _____ glitters is not gold.	ଚକ୍ ଚକ୍ କରୁଥିବା ସବୁ ଜିନିଷ ସୁନା ନୁହେଁ।	that
8.	I asked him _____ he was ill.	ମୁଁ ତାଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରିଲି ସେ ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ଥିଲେ କି।	if / whether
9.	This is the place _____ I was born.	ଏହା ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ମୁଁ ଜନ୍ମ ହୋଇଥିଲି।	where
10.	My father, _____ is a farmer, works hard.	ମୋ ବାପା, ଯିଏ ଜଣେ ଚାଷୀ, କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରନ୍ତି।	who
11.	He explained _____ he was late.	ସେ କାହିଁକି ଡେରି କଲେ ତାହା ବୁଝାଇଲେ।	why
12.	The fact _____ he is innocent is clear.	ସେ ଯେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦୋଷ, ଏହି ତଥ୍ୟଟି ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ।	that
13.	_____ he said was true.	ସେ ଯାହା କହିଲେ ତାହା ସତ ଥିଲା।	What
14.	This is the same watch _____ I lost.	ଏହା ସେହି ସମାନ ଘଣ୍ଟା ଯାହା ମୁଁ ହଜାଇଥିଲି।	that / as
15.	I remember the day _____ we first met.	ମୋର ସେହି ଦିନ ମନେ ଅଛି ଯେବେ ଆମେ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଭେଟିଥିଲୁ।	when
16.	The cat _____ is sleeping on the mat is mine.	ମସିଣା ଉପରେ ଶୋଇଥିବା ବିଲେଇଟି ମୋର।	which / that
17.	I wonder _____ the train will be on time.	ମୁଁ ଭାବୁଛି ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ସମୟରେ ଆସିବ କି ନାହିଁ।	if / whether
18.	He is the only man _____ can do this.	ସେ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ଏକମାତ୍ର ଲୋକ ଯିଏ ଏହା କରିପାରିବେ।	that
19.	Pay attention to _____ your teacher says.	ତୁମ ଶିକ୍ଷକ ଯାହା କହୁଛନ୍ତି ସେଥିପ୍ରତି ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅ।	what
20.	He is the poet _____ we all admire.	ସେ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ସେହି କବି ଯାହାଙ୍କୁ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ପ୍ରଶଂସା କରୁ।	whom / that

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🔗 Activity E: Sentence Combination (Relative Clauses)

Instructions (English): Combine the following pairs of sentences into one complex sentence using a Relative Clause.

Instructions (Odia): ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ବାକ୍ୟ ଯୋଡିଗୁଡିକୁ ଏକ Relative Clause ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ମିଶ୍ରଣ କରନ୍ତୁ।

1. I met a man. He was blind.

Answer: I met a man who was blind.

2. The boy won the prize. His father is my teacher.

Answer: The boy whose father is my teacher won the prize.

3. This is the book. You asked for it.

Answer: This is the book which (that) you asked for.

4. My brother is in Puri. He is an engineer. (Use a non-defining clause)

Answer: My brother, who is an engineer, is in Puri.

5. The police caught the thief. The thief stole the watch.

Answer: The police caught the thief who (that) stole the watch.

6. This is the town. I was born here.

Answer: This is the town where I was born.

7. I spoke to a lady. Her bag was lost.

Answer: I spoke to a lady whose bag was lost.

8. The book is very old. It is lying on the table.

Answer: The book which (that) is lying on the table is very old.

9. I know the reason. He failed for that reason.

Answer: I know the reason why he failed.

10. He is the man. We all respect him.

Answer: He is the man whom (that) we all respect.

11. The dog bit the girl. It was black.

Answer: The dog which (that) bit the girl was black.

12. Mr. Sharma is our principal. He is very learned. (Use a non-defining clause)

Answer: Mr. Sharma, who is our principal, is very learned.

13. I bought a pen. It is not working.

Answer: The pen which (that) I bought is not working.

14. I remember the day. We won the match on that day.

Answer: I remember the day when we won the match.

15. He is the artist. I was talking about him.

Answer: He is the artist about whom I was talking. (or He is the artist whom I was talking about.)

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🔗 Activity F: Sentence Combination (Noun Clauses)

Instructions (English): Combine the following pairs of sentences into one complex sentence using a Noun Clause.

Instructions (Odia): ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ବାକ୍ୟ ଯୋଡିଗୁଡିକୁ ଏକ Noun Clause ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ମିଶ୍ରଣ କରନ୍ତୁ।

1. He will pass. I am sure of it.

Answer: I am sure that he will pass.

2. He is a liar. It is known to all.

Answer: That he is a liar is known to all.

3. Where does he live? I do not know.

Answer: I do not know where he lives.

4. He said something. I agree to it.

Answer: I agree to what he said.

5. He may be innocent. We don't know.

Answer: We don't know if (whether) he is innocent.

6. What is his problem? His problem is this. He has no money.

Answer: His problem is that he has no money.

7. He is wrong. I believe it.

Answer: I believe that he is wrong.

8. Why is he angry? Tell me the reason.

Answer: Tell me why he is angry.

9. He will come. That is my hope.

Answer: My hope is that he will come.

10. You are a fool. The fact is obvious.

Answer: The fact that you are a fool is obvious.

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🔄 Activity G: Transformation (Phrase to Clause)

Instructions (English): Rewrite the sentences by changing the underlined phrase into a subordinate clause (Noun or Relative).

Instructions (Odia): ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶକୁ (phrase) ଏକ ଅଧୀନ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ (Noun କିମ୍ବା Relative) ରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି ବାକ୍ୟଟିକୁ ପୁନର୍ଲିଖନ କରନ୍ତୁ।

1. I heard  the news of his success .

Answer: I heard the news that he had succeeded.

2. Tell me  your address .

Answer: Tell me where you live.

3. He is  a man of great talent .

Answer: He is a man who has great talent.

4.  A barking dog  seldom bites.

Answer: A dog that barks seldom bites.

5. He confessed  his crime .

Answer: He confessed that he was guilty (or what his crime was).

6. I met  a girl with blue eyes .

Answer: I met a girl whose eyes were blue.

7.  His arrival  is uncertain.

Answer: When he will arrive is uncertain. (or That he will arrive is uncertain.)

8. We saw  a burning train .

Answer: We saw a train that was burning.

9. He hoped  to win the prize .

Answer: He hoped that he would win the prize.

10. I know  his name .

Answer: I know what his name is.

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✏️ Activity H: Error Correction

Instructions (English): Find the error (related to clauses) in each sentence and rewrite it correctly.

Instructions (Odia): ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା (clause ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ) ଭୁଲକୁ ଖୋଜନ୍ତୁ ଏବଂ ଏହାକୁ ସଠିକ୍ କରି ପୁନର୍ଲିଖନ କରନ୍ତୁ।

	Incorrect Sentence (ଭୁଲ ବାକ୍ୟ)	Correct Sentence (ସଠିକ୍ ବାକ୍ୟ)
1.	The man, that is standing there, is my father.	The man, who is standing there, is my father.
2.	Tell me what is his name?	Tell me what his name is.
3.	The boy who I lent my book him has not returned it.	The boy whom I lent my book has not returned it.
4.	I asked him that what he wanted.	I asked him what he wanted.
5.	This is the book, that I lost.	This is the book that I lost. (No comma)
6.	He told me what was the matter.	He told me what the matter was.
7.	My uncle who is a rich man lives in Mumbai.	My uncle, who is a rich man, lives in Mumbai.
8.	I believe what does he say.	I believe what he says.
9.	The book what I bought is costly.	The book which (or that) I bought is costly.
10.	It is clear that is he honest.	It is clear that he is honest.