A finite verb is the main verb of a sentence that:

1. Agrees with the subject: It changes its form based on the subject's number (singular/plural) and person (first/second/third).
2. Shows tense: It indicates whether the action is in the present or past.

• Example:
• "Seema writes letters." (Singular subject, present tense)
• "They write letters." (Plural subject, present tense)
• "Seema wrote a letter." (Past tense)

Key Rule: In a verb group (a phrase with multiple verbs), the first auxiliary verb is the finite verb.

·         Example: "She could have been laughing at us."

o    could = Finite verb (shows past tense)

o    have, been, laughing = Non-finite verbs

Non-finite Verb (ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା)

A non-finite verb is a verb form that:

1. Does not agree with the subject.
2. Does not show tense.
3. Includes all other verbs in a verb group after the first finite verb.

Important: A complete sentence must have a finite verb. A sentence with only non-finite verbs is ungrammatical.

·         Incorrect: "*Seema writing the letter." (No finite verb)

·         Correct: "Seema is writing the letter." ('is' is finite, 'writing' is non-finite)

2. The Four Types of Non-finite Verbs (ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟାର ଚାରୋଟି ପ୍ରକାର)

3. Functions of Non-finite Verbs

A. The Infinitive (To + Verb)

The to + verb form (to-infinitive) can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb (adjunct).

• 1. As Subject (କର୍ତ୍ତା ଭାବରେ):
• "To err is human, to forgive divine."
• 2. As Object (କର୍ମ ଭାବରେ):
• "I hope to see you again."
• "The doctor advised Seema to take some tests." (Here, it is the object of 'advised', along with 'Seema')
• 3. As Complement (ପୂରକ ଭାବରେ):
• It describes a noun.
• "There is a house to let at the end of the road."
• 4. As Adjunct (Purpose) (ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ସୂଚକ):
• It answers the question "Why?"
• "He killed a snake to save the child."

B. The Bare Infinitive (ø + Verb)

The bare infinitive (verb without 'to') is used in specific situations.

• 1. After Modals (ମୋଡାଲ୍ ପରେ):
• Used after can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must.
• "I can swim."
• "He might come."
• 2. After Specific Verbs (କିଛି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ କ୍ରିୟା ପରେ):
• Used after let, make, help, have, see, hear, watch, notice.
• "Please let us go home."
• "The teacher made us write the word."
• "I saw him cross the road."
• 3. After Specific Phrases (କିଛି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ ପରେ):
• Used after had better and would rather.
• "You had better leave this place."

C. The -ing Form (Gerund & Present Participle)

This form (verb + ing) can function as a noun (Gerund) or an adjective/adverb (Participle).

• 1. As a Gerund (ଜେରଣ୍ଡ୍ - Noun):
• Functions as a subject or object.
• "I enjoy reading mystery novels." (Object of 'enjoy')
• "He is afraid of flying." (Object of preposition 'of')
• 2. As a Present Participle (ପାର୍ଟିସିପଲ୍ - Adjective/Adverb):
• Describes an action.
• "We saw Seema writing the letter." (Describes Seema)
• "Stretching out his small hands, (he) begged for food." (Describes the action of begging)

D. The -en Form (Past Participle)

This form (e.g., written, broken, typed) functions as an adjective.

• As an Adjective (ବିଶେଷଣ ଭାବରେ):
• "We found on the table all the letters written and typed." (Describes 'letters')
• 
  

4. Verb Patterns (କ୍ରିୟାର ଢାଞ୍ଚା)

Different verbs are followed by different non-finite forms.

A. Verbs followed by to + verb

• (Odia: ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ to + verb ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ)
• List: agree, attempt, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, request, seem, want, wish.
• Example: "He agreed to come with us."

B. Verbs followed by Object + to + verb

• (Odia: ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ ଏକ କର୍ମ (Object) ଓ ତା'ପରେ to + verb ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ)
• List: advise, allow, command, compel, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, remind, tell.
• Example: "He requested me to help him."

C. Verbs followed by (Object) + to + verb

• (Odia: ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ ସିଧାସଳଖ to + verb କିମ୍ବା Object + to + verb ଲାଗିପାରେ)
• List: ask, expect, like, want.
• Example 1: "They expected to travel by air."
• Example 2: "They expected me to travel by air."

D. Verbs followed by -ing form (Gerund)

• (Odia: ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପରେ verb + ing ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଏ)
• List: avoid, enjoy, finish, hate, like, love, mind, prefer, stop, suggest.
• Example: "I enjoy playing on the river bank."
• Example: "Please stop talking."
• 
  

5. Special Cases (କିଛି ବିଶେଷ ସ୍ଥଳ)

Some verbs change their meaning depending on the non-finite form that follows.

Prefer (ପସନ୍ଦ କରିବା)

When using prefer with rather than, the structure is:

• prefer + to-infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (ø + verb)
• Example: "I prefer to remain silent rather than repeat what I heard."
• 
  

6. Non-finites in Passive Voice (Passive Voice ରେ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା)

When a sentence with a bare infinitive (after verbs like make, see, hear) is changed to the passive voice, the bare infinitive becomes a to-infinitive.

• Active: The teacher made him stand up.
• (Verb make + Object him + Bare Infinitive stand)
• Passive: He was made to stand up.
• (Passive Verb was made + To-Infinitive to stand)